Alaṅkāra-śāstra literally
means ‘science of figure of speech’.
The Sanskrit language and Sanskrit literature
have become an inalienable part of religion and culture. Even the earliest
recorded specimens of Sanskrit literature have manifested the art of graceful
speech. Several hymns of the Rgveda are looked upon as genuine specimens of fine poetry.
Various rhetorical devices which find an apt expression in natural ways are
mentioned below : Upamā = simile, Rupaka = metaphor, Ullekha = Conception/Representation, Utpreksha = Poetic Fancy, Arthaantaranyasa = Justification, Deepakam = Illumination, Tulyayogita, Prativastoopama, Vyatireka, Vyaajasthuti etc.,
The Rāmāyana and the Mahābhārata,
apart from being monumental works of wisdom and imagination, are also works
exhibiting rare poetical skill.
Alaṅkāraśāstra as a regular,
independent, subject could not have existed in more ancient times. The first
systematization started perhaps with the Nātya- śāstra of Bharata (200
B.C. - 400 A.D.).
This work though primarily a work on drama, marks itself as the conception for
the origins of
systematization of the poems as a science. Poets who have enriched the
literature on poems through their prolific writings of superb quality
are :
- Bhāmaha and Daṇḍin (6th
cent. A.D.)
- Vāmana and Udbhaṭa (8th cent. A. D.)
- Rudraṭa and Anandavardhana (9th cent. A. D.)
- Abhinavagupta, Kṣemendra and Mammata (11th
cent. A.D.)
The subject of alaṅkāra was
viewed from different angles by different authors. This gave rise to eight
sampradāyas or schools :
1.
Riti - Rīti is the way of writing. Though three
rītis were originally recognized, they ultimately rose to six. The names given
to them such as Vaidarbhī, Gauḍī or Māgadhi suggest that they were prevalent in
particular regions. Daṇḍin and Vāmana were
the forerunners of this school.
2.
Guṇa - Guṇa or quality may concern either the śabda
(word) or the artha (meaning).
It is very similar to the Rīti school. Originally enumerated as three, it
gradually rose to ten. However this school got merged into the Alaṅkāra school.
Vāmana was the chief exponent of this Guṇa school.
3.
Alaṅkāra - Alaṅkāra is
literary embellishment. It may be of śabda (word or sound) or artha (sense). The
alaṅkāras rose from 38 in the early period to 200 in later days. Daṇḍin and
Bhāmaha were the main propagators of this school.
4.
Vakrokti - Vakrokti is equivocation. It is a mode
of expression such that the listener conceives a different meaning from what is
intended by the speaker or writer. Bhāmaha and Kuntaka (11th cent. A. D.) were
the chief advocates of this school.
5.
Rasa - Rasa is mood or sentiment, a generalized resultant
emotion in the spectator or reader. Nine rasas, often called ‘navarasas,’ have
been advocated by the writers on prosody and dramatics. Bharata was
the earliest exponent of the Rasa school followed by Udbhaṭa and others.
6.
Dhvani - Dhvani is
suggestion. The theory of dhvani was introduced by Ananda-
vardhana.
7.
Anumāna - Anumāna refers
to a sentiment that has to be inferred and experienced. Sarikula (9th cent A.
D.) was the founder of this school.
8.
Aucitya - Aucitya means propriety. This school was
propounded by Kṣemendra.
Some of the standard works of Alaṅkāra-śāstra
are :
- Bharata’s Nātyaśāstra
- Bhāmaha’s Kāvyālañkāra
- Daṇḍin’s Kāvyādarśa
- Udbhaṭa’s Kāvyālañkāra-sañgraha
- Rudraṭa’s Kāvyālañkāra
- Anandavardhana’s Dhvanyāloka
- Mammata’s Kāvya-prakāśa
1 ]pmaa
]pmaa
ya~ saadRSyalaxmaIÉllasait Wyaao:.`hMsaIva
ÌYNa to kIit-: svaga-=\gaamavagaahto..1..
Translation:
]pmaa is the
figure of speech where the wealth of similarity shines brilliantly between two
objects like the fame of Lord Krishna taking a plunge in the waters of holy
Ganges like a she swan.
Explanation:
]pmaa is the most fundamental of all Alankaras. The
comparison of two similar objects must be attractive and must appeal to the
heart of a sa)dya: (connoisseur of
arts). The most important purpose of ]pmaa is to know the unknown through the known.
There are 4 constituent parts in ]pmaa. They are
a) ]pmaoyama\ = Contextual object with which another object
is compared.
b) ]pmaanama\ = Standard of comparison.
c) saaQarNaQama-:
= Common attribute or feature.
d) ]pmaavaacakSabd: = The word indicative of similarity.
Where all these 4
elements are present, the passage serves as an example of pUNaao-pmaa. If one two or three of the above are
absent then the passage serves as an example of lauPtaopmaa. In the
given illustration kIit-: is the ]pmaoyama\ and hMsaI is ]pmaanama\. The act of taking a plunge in the holy
Ganges is the saaQaarNaQama-: and the
word [va is ]pmaavaacakSabd:. By poetic convention kIit-: is white in colour and hence the white
coloured bird swan is preferred. As kIit: is
feminine gender, she swan is preferred. Hence even gender and colour are also
to be similarly maintained to the possible extent.
